Asynchronous JavaScript and XMLHTTP, or abbreviated AJaX, is a web-based programming technique for creating interactive web applications. The goal is to move most of the interactions on the web surfer's computer, to exchange data with the server behind the scenes, so that the web page does not have to be re-read in its entirety every time a user changes. This will increase interactivity, speed, and usability. Ajax is a combination of:

DOMs are accessed with client side scripting language, such as VBScript and ECMAScript implementations such as JavaScript and JScript, to dynamically display and interact with displayed information
XMLHTTP objects from Microsoft or XMLHttpRequest are more commonly implemented in some browsers. This object is useful as an asynchronous data exchange vehicle with web server. In some AJAX frameworks, the IFrame HTML element is preferred over XMLHTTP or XMLHttpRequest to exchange data with the web server.
XML is generally used as a transfer document, although other formats are also possible, such as HTML, plain text. XML is recommended in the use of AJaX techniques because of its easy access handling by using DOM
JSON can be an alternative choice as a transfer document, considering JSON is JavaScript itself so that handling is easier
Like DHTML, LAMP, or SPA, Ajax is not a specific technology, but rather a combination of technologies used together. In fact, Ajax-based derivative / composite technologies, such as AFLAX, are beginning to emerge.

Git is a version control system used by developers to develop software together. The main function of git is to set the version of the source code of your program by giving the line mark and which code is added or replaced.
Git is actually easier for programmers to know the source code changes than to create new files such as Program.java, ProgramRevisi.java, ProgramRevisi2.java, ProgramFix.java. In addition, with git we do not have to worry about the code that we do clashing, because every developer can create branches as workspace.Features no less cool again, in git we can comment on the source code that has been added / modified, this makes it easy for developers another to know what constraints experienced by other developers.
To know how to use git, here are the basic git commands:
Git init: to create a repository on a local file that will have a .git folder
Git status: to know the status of the local repository
Git add: add a new file to the selected repository
Git commit: to save changes made, but no changes to the remote repository.
Git push: to send the file changes after the commit to the remote repository.
Git branch: view all branches in the repository
Git checkout: switches the active branch with the selected branch
GIt merge: to merge the active branch and branch selected
Git clone: ​​make a copy of the local repository
Examples of version control system software are github, bitbucket, snowy evening, and much more. If you as a developer do not know this git feature, then you must try and use it. Because of the many benefits to be gained with this git.

Subversion, also known as svn or SVN, is an open source version control software that can manage software development processes performed by a separate group of programmers into traces and orderly. Subversion was created by CollabNet which holds the trademark "Subversion" and is still preserving this project. The latest version of Subversion is 1.4.4 released on June 8, 2007. Subversion is available in Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Mac OS X and OS / 400 versions.

Subversion is specifically designed as a modern replacement for CVS. The use of Subversion as an alternative to CVS as a slow version controller began to widen. Projects that use Subversion include Apache Software Foundation, KDE, GNOME, GCC, Python, Samba, Mono, MediaWiki, etc. SourceForge.net has also provided Subversion hosting for open source projects.

What is Repository?
Repository is a storage place hundreds of applications or programs that have been arranged in such a way and available to be accessible via the internet. However, the repository is not only accessible via the internet but we can also use alternative repository through distribution on other media such as DVD which is of course very helpful for us who do not have a fast internet connection.

When updating the Ubuntu repository, we download the repository from the existing server address in /etc/apt/sources.list and the default server address that is located on the sources.list is an external server address, such as archive.ubuntu.com, security.ubuntu .com.Server repository here serves as a server that provides a collection of software packages or collection of applications from Linux distros that can be accessed via the internet.

The steps taken are as follows:

1. Open the Dashboard, then select Terminal

2. Once the terminal window opens, type "$ sudo su"

3. Enter your password

4. Edit the repository by typing "# gedit /etc/apt/sources.list"

5. Delete all existing repository server addresses in the text editor window

6. Open a web browser, for example Firefox, and open the server address repository that provides various software or applications, eg http://singo.ub.ac.id

7. Find the version of Linux that you use, then Copy and Paste the repository on this website Singo.ub.ac.id special Malang area want to quickly download the file repositorynya, according to your version of Linux.

Salary
IDR 4,000,000 - IDR 7,000,000

 Job Description


It takes immediately PHP programmer (Laravel) to work in the company of PT. Indonesia Funds Exchange



 Requirement
- Male / Female, minimum education D3
- Mastering PHP, Javascript, jQuery, Ajax
- Mastering the Laravel framework
- Mastering SQL
- Work experience at least 1 year as a programmer, never developed a web-based application using Laravel framework
- Ability to work with file repository (SVN, git, etc ...)
- Can work individually or team
- Accustomed to working with tight deadlines
- Willing to be placed in Yogyakarta office

 Benefits
Basic salary, allowances, BPJS, annual bonuses

Interested in Working Here?
https://www.codepolitan.com/jobs/apply/182

Gaji
Rp 3.500.000 - Rp 5.000.000

Uraian Tugas
Memasang Tomcat & Apache Application-server.
Mengkonfigurasi Tomcat & Apache Application-server.
Mengakses database dari aplikasi-program.
Gridding dan load-balancing host.
Mengamankan host server, dan mengingatkan pengguna.
Memantau host server, memberi tahu, mendokumentasikan.
Mengatur router dan switch pada sisi server.
Menyiapkan Otoritas Infrastruktur & Sertifikasi Kunci Publik


UJI
Semua kandidat diwajibkan mengikuti tes 1,5 jam di Jakarta berikut

Inggris
Teori Pemrograman (Teori Jaringan untuk Pemrogram Jaringan)
Bahasa Pemrograman (C # / Java / Shell)
Alat Pemrograman (Router, Switch, Hub untuk pemrogram jaringan)
Perpustakaan Pemrograman (Protokol untuk Programmer Jaringan)
Penyelesaian masalah
Kebutuhan
Pengalaman dalam menulis program setidaknya satu dari bahasa pemrograman ini: C #, atau Java, atau shell (dari berbagai dialek: Windows, Android, Linux, Unix).
Setidaknya SMK Teknologi Informasi.
Lebih disukai D2 - D4 Teknologi Informasi.
.NET programming-library dan related programming-tools untuk C # programmer.
Manfaat
Dalam kontrak 12 bulan, karyawan tersebut berhak menerima prorata THR (Day Allowance)
Raya), BPJS Kesehatan dan BPJS Perburuhan. Lingkungan yang menyenangkan, dan dengan
komunikasi teknis terbaik / bagus. Sistem yang bagus untuk memelihara seorang analis sistem.
Tertarik dengan Pekerjaan Disini?
https://www.codepolitan.com/jobs/apply/188

Photoshop is a graphical application for creating and editing images. photoshop is already very popular among the community, because of its many features and easy to use. as a beginner photoshop, you must know how to create a new document in photoshop, here's a basic photoshop to start editing images.

The term new document must have often we hear. where each job definitely requires the stage of creating new files, new worksheets. at the stage of creating a new document, there are several settings that must be met, ranging from paper size, image resolution, and color mode. when the setting will determine the size of our file after it has finished working. the larger the size and resolution the greater the capacity of the image is created.

How to Create a New Document In Photoshop

In photoshop, it's easy to create a new document. the most important thing in this tutorial is to understand the function of the existing settings items. for those who want to continue the lesson photoshop, to the next stage please de list of budding photoshop tutorial.

Step 1

Open Photoshop App. Then Go to File Menu - New. after that will appear settings to create a new worksheet (new document). how fast, press CTRL N.

>Name = the name of our document.
>Preset = Option for paper size already set by photoshop. in it already has paper size A4, A3, Letter and      so on. if you want to set its own size, then select Custom.
>Width (width) and Heigth (height) = is the size of the worksheet calculated by the formula Panjag x Width.     beside it is the unit of measure, my friend can use other than pixels, like centimeters, millimeters, inchi and       so on.
>Resolution is the image quality that will be generated. the default is 300 DPI (dot per inch). the higher the      resolution value the smoother the resulting image will be. more details read graphic design terms.
>Color Mode is the color setting that will be used. the most commonly used is RGB. but if you create a          design for the print should use CMYK because all types of print using CMYK settings.
>Background Content = The color of the worksheet. there are three options: White (white), Black (black)      and Transparent (transparent).
>Click Ok to start the design work.

Step 2

The appearance when you have created a new document is as below. my friend brought directly to workspace photoshop. it's time to make a design.

More or less like that is how to create a new document in photoshop. the point is, my friend must know the size of the design, to where the quality to be produced, trakhir customize the ability of the computer. because the bigger the image size and the resolution the more it will consume computer RAM. can-can even slow and Error.

Using Photoshop, surely we can not escape the use of the layer, because every image that opens in photoshop will be organized into a layer. for my friend who wants to learn how to edit photos, then multiply the exercise using the layer. in the Layer panel is still a lot of stored settings that can be made experimental materials in your practice.
note:
>Occasionally learn Manipulation of photoshop tutorials that are widely circulated on the internet. but do not take too much headache first, which is important follow the steps - steps to complete. it is intended to refresh our basic knowledge through more Difficult levels.
>Create keywords in your practice. For example, Tricks using Layer, Tips using Color balance on photos and others. this is meant to be more specific training buddy.
>Many do Experiments. by self learning without any tutorial resources. combine some tools that have been studied. will surely find a trick. I'm sure of that. "It's based on my experience".

>When learning to edit photoshop from other people's tutorial material, be sure to understand the process, not see the result. many people can manipulate in Photoshop, but still hope from the material, because he does not understand what the function of all the techniques in the manufacturing process.

IMAGINATION OF BEAUTY

In the world of Editing, imagination determines the outcome to be achieved. because we can see a small picture of our results through this unlimited fantasy. according to my experience, when I was just learning to edit photos with photoshop I always confusion to make a photo becomes more interesting than ever. because of my lack of knowledge about beauty.

With so many times I read various theories then I conclude that. our brains must often receive an information of beauty. because it has a beautiful structure pembentuknya. from that structure I learned to shape the beauty in my imagination. whether it be color, shape or other.
Example. :
>The rose is one of the flowers with the beauty that has captivated the whole human eye in the world. Should you ask in yourself, what makes that beauty ?? if in view rose flowers have a red color, with the shape of the petals curved - curved so. in added typical fragrance. take this point into your brain. and make it into the formula that makes up the beauty. when my friend already has many formulas of beauty, I am sure any bad object that is in front of our eyes, would be beautiful in our imagination

CONCLUSION

Learn to edit photos with photoshop can not be in an instant, my friend must pass the stage to understand. not just know. so multiply the exercises regularly. even if my friend has mastered the technique of how to edit photos with photoshop, but the imagination is still below average - average. then it will be useless, because the technique is just a process and that determines what you can produce. Expand the imagination.

Hello my dear friend. for this meeting I will try to give some introduction about Learn Edit Photos with Photoshop. so my friend can be more spirited in sharpening ability to edit photos in photoshop. if buddy is a beginner then I suggest to read well this article. because some of the experiences I've experienced will I describe, and this is very useful for all of us who want to learn photoshop.

Learn Edit Photos With Photoshop.

To master the technique in Photos Edit with Photoshop, buddy do have to multiply the exercise either at home, in school or in mind. because science comes from the experience of training that has been done. well to make it faster in the process then I will give some tips to more easily master photo editing techniques with photoshop.

Know the Basic Toolbar Functions of Photoshop

In Photoshop has provided some basic tools in the editing process. when opening Photosop we must see the left Toolbar that contains some Tool. I suggest to know all the functions above. because they all have a use in the process of photo editing in photoshop. but slowly - slowly in learning.

Knowing the Basics of Adjusting Color With Adjustment Panel
When learning to edit photos with Photoshop we will never be separated from the color. because whatever is captured by our eyes, all formed from a combination of colors. well with this one tool pal can touch any existing color on the photo, by using the settings on each - each color tool in the Adjustment Panel.
All photo editing instances in Photoshop definitely use this tool to touch its color to become a new look in want. for more details about Adjustment Panel you can read on How to Use Photoshop Adjustment Panel. this photoshop tutorial teaches you how to edit the colors on the photo.

Adobe Photoshop is a graphic design application designed to edit photos or images and can be used to design typography (text effects). can not deny that the applications are often called photoshop is already dominating the world, where every graphic designer must master all the functions that exist in photoshop, as well as you who want to learn photoshop.

Entering the digital era as it is today, human activities are always integrated with the visual form. the existence of visual forms that connect our activities. such as using a smart phone with an icon-icon look interesting, the use of a computer that definitely in it we will interact with images or video. all components that are the result of the design using one graphical application that is photoshop. imagine right up to where the role of photoshop in this digital era.

Learning Photoshop is not as difficult as imagined, we just need patience. just follow the flow - ie from basic mastery of photoshop until my friend who will combine the existing features so that it can produce the work of manipulation.

I started to learn Photoshop since sitting in class 1 SMA AL-ITTIHAD Tawangsari-trowulan-MOJOKERTO-JAWA TENGA INDONESIA  (20017) until now. there are already some versions that I follow the development. from photoshop cs to photoshop cc now. with the method of learning little by little, Alhamdulillah now I can amaze with the science of own design, although not yet like photoshop artist abroad. essentially when I have knowledge then I have to share, to be more useful.

Alhamdulillah, when I know blogs on the internet, came the initiative to share photoshop with my friend who is in the whole world, but unfortunately still speak Indonesian. though I was satisfied because of my photoshop knowledge, now can make a smile buddy. you can see some tutorials from basic to the level of photoshop manipulation below, please select as desired

Understanding and Function of UTP Cable
To understand UTP cable function then we better discuss first about what is the definition of UTP cable or stands Unshielded twisted-pair. UTP cable is a type of cable made of copper conductor, has a plastic insulation and is encased by an insulating material capable of protecting from fire and physical damage.
UTP cable consists of four pairs of interlocking cable cores each of which has different color codes. UTP cable has no protection from electromagnetic interference, but this type of cable is widely used because of the relatively cheap price and its function that is in accordance with the expected standards.

UTP cable function is used as a LAN network cable (Local Area Network) on a computer network system, and usually UTP cable has an impedance of approximately 100 ohm, and is divided into several categories based on its ability as a conductor of data.
In everyday use, UTP cable is very well used as a computer network cable for example in the use of office space or in a company's network system. Regarding some of the weaknesses and shortcomings of UTP cables that are not resistant to electromagnetic fields and damage to hard object collisions, can still be overcome by installing an outer protector such as a plastic pipe.
Definition of LAN Cable
1) LAN is composed of some basic elements that include components
hardware and software. Hardware components include: Personal
Computer (PC), Network Interface Card (NIC) and Cable. While
software components include: Network Operating System, Network
Driver Adapters and Network Protocols.

2) There are three types of cables that are known in general, namely:
· Coaxial cable
· Fiber Optics
· Twisted pair (UTP unshielded twisted pair and STP shielded twisted
pair)

2) Known two types of coaxial cable, ie thick coaxial cable (has
large diameter) and thin coaxial cable (has diameter
smaller).

3) There are 2 types of cable connection for computer network, that is
straight cable and crossover cable where each has
different functions of ynag. Straight cable is used to connect
client to HUB / Router, while crossover cable is used for
connect the client to the client or in a particular case is used
to connect HUB to HUB.
Here's the latest 6 will give you a glimpse of the experience of network cabling when it used to practice in the computer lab ..
hopefully all readers who have forgotten or have doubts how to make it can remember it again .. ..
the following stages or HOW TO MAKE LAN CABLE in straight and cross

First prepare first the necessary tools:

UTP cable does not pass 100 meters long

UTP cable

Jack RJ-45

RJ-45

Crimping Tool / Tang Clamp

crimping tool / clamp tang

If all the above equipment we need is available then we can already start to MAKE LAN CABLE.
cable lan or network cable has 2 types:

1. STRAIGHT LAN CABLE
Straight LAN cable is a cable that has the same way of mounting between the tip of one with the other end. Straight cable is commonly used to connect 2 different types of devices.
How to make :

Peel the outside of the UTP cable about 2cm until the inside cable looks like in the picture above UTP cable.
Separate the cables inside and straighten. Sort and trim based on Orange White, Orange, White Green, Blue, White Blue, Green, Brown White, and Brown. Then cut the ends so that they are flat on each other.
Insert the cables into the Jack RJ-45 pins in the following order:

lan straight sequence
2. LAN CROSS CABLE
LAN Cross cable is a cable that has a way of installation that has a different arrangement between one end with the other end.

A cross cable is commonly used to connect 2 devices of the same type directly. such as connecting the first computer with computer 2 directly without using another intermediary.

How to make :

Do exactly the same with a straight LAN cable for the first tip.
For the other end change the arrangement of cables inside RJ-45 to: White Green, Green, Orange Orange, Blue, White Blue, Orange, White Brown, Chocolate
When finished in the clamp with clamp pliers, the cable is ready for use.

Here is the final image of the ends of the cross cable:
lan cross sequence

Such are the ways and explanations about making lan cables for this article.
hopefully can be useful for all readers.

LAN LAN CABLE OPERATION SYSTEM
Ian cable is an Ethernet transmission medium that connects network devices in your computer network. It is very useful if you know better about the lan cable before you make network design. Good network cable design, is a supporting element that makes your computer network will be easy to maintain and reliable. So the lan cable is very useful once in the reality of the network. The following are the 2 types of lan cables commonly used in LAN networks.

Domain name (English: domain name) is a unique name given to identify the name of a computer server such as a web server or email server on a computer or internet network. Domain name serves to facilitate the user on the internet when accessing the server, but also used to remember the name of the server visited without having to know a row of complicated numbers known as IP addresses. This domain name is also known as a unity of a website such as "wikipedia.org". Domain names are sometimes referred to as URLs, or website addresses.

At first domain names can only be written with the 26th Latin alphabet, but it is now possible to use foreign alphabets with the internationalization of domain names.

.com (commercial) is the top level internet domain (TLD) that is used as an Internet domain name. .com is one of the first TLDs in the world. .com was inaugurated in 1986 and became the largest domain and domain that is often used throughout the world. It was first administered by the United States Department of Defense before it was transferred to the NSF in 1993. In 1995, the NSF and Network Solutions inaugurated tariffs for .com domains by 50 dollars per year, 35 dollars for NSI and 15 dollars for the government. Now the .com domain is managed by VeriSign.

.
org is the top-level internet domain (TLD) used in the Internet Domain Naming System. The .org name is short for the organization. This domain was opened in 1985. Initially this domain is intended for non-profit organizations, but lately many are also used by schools, personal sites; open-source project; sometimes for commercial companies. The use of .org domain increased sharply, in the 1990s less than one million users, until June 2012 had more than ten million users.

Endless when discussing the current trending OS, "Android" who does not know the OS (operating system) on this one. Android itself is the OS or operating system made by google the most widely used on the phone in the world today.
Of course sometimes we feel bored with the look, or the performance of our android device, therefore to overcome it we sometimes install custom made man, but do we ever think to create their own Custom rom?

Okay this time I will give tutorial to make custom rom android by way of porting from other ROM.

The steps are very easy lho gaes required materials are:
>Winrar
> Notepad
>Base Rom (Here is the rom you have ever installed and work 100% on your computer)
>Port Rom (Rom that you want to use on your mobile phone)

recommended for rom to be on port:
> From devices that have the same resolution
>Specifications are the same
>The android version is the same
>Step Steps:
Note: Make sure to backup your rom anticipate in case of boot lop

1.Extracts of both Rom (base and Port)
2.Create a folder for each rom
3.Open the system folder in Base ROM,
4.Delete app folders, fonts, frameworks and media.
5.Open the system folder in Port ROM,
6.block app folder, fonts, framework and media then click geret (copy paste) to system folder in Base ROM
7.Open the permissions folder inside the etc folder on both ROMs,
8.copy all files in the permissions folder from Port ROM to Base ROM, (except platform and handheld_hardware)
9.If there is the same file then replace it.
10.Open the init.d folder inside the system / etc Base ROM folder, delete all files in it except banners,
11.copy all the files inside the init.ddari folder of Port ROM to Base ROM.
12.Open the build.prop file in Base ROM with Notepad, then change the value to:
       ro.build.id =
       ro.build.display.id =
       ro.build, date =
       ro.modversion =
13.(change as you like, but remember, when changing it to avoid disturbing or deleting spaces next to it.)
 edit buil.prop base rom the same as the rom port (with note pad) on:
>ro.config.ringtone =
>ro.config.notification_sound =
>ro.config.alarm_alert =
14Then edit the value in the Base ROM build.prop together with the value in the build.prop Port ROM (open also build.prop in Port ROM with Notepad) on:
>ro.config.ringtone =
>ro.config.notification_sound =
>ro.config.alarm_alert
15.We can also copy extra values ​​(tweaks) on the Port ROM build.prop (usually after the post #ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES.
16.Open the updater-script file inside the META-INF / com / google / android folder in both ROMs, "then delete all the string that says set_perm in the updater-script file from Base ROM Then copy all the string that says set_perm in the updater-script file from Port ROM and paste the same place on the set_perm string that was deleted on the Base ROM updater-script. ".
17.If there is a file or folder in the system folder in Port ROM that is not in the system folder on Base ROM then it should be in the copy too
18.After all is done, block all the files and folders in Base ROM (META-INF, system, etc.) right click, add to archive (Winrar and the like)
Note: in archive format select ZIP option,
name it in the archive name field, click OK and finish.
If after installing your device bootloop, open system / lib folder in Port ROM and copy the following files on Base ROM then ZIP reset:
>libandroid_runtime.so
>libandroid_servers.so
>libmedia_ini.so

How to Enjoy Starting a Learning Programming

In principle just as we want to get to Rome, there will be many paths. We can pass through Bogor, then to Bandung and then to Rome. Or we can also pass Falkirk, then to Jakarta, then climb Mount Krakatau and arrived in Rome (let's say it's true: D). Yes, to be a programmer too, there are many ways that can be taken to learn.

Some of us have different ways to learn programming, and this is influenced by many factors, such as background, learning speed, economic circumstances and also the environment. In addition, the way I fall in love with programming can be different from the way you are. And maybe that also affects.

Something we have to understand is that it is impossible today to be a master programmer, then we just watch tv, then sleep and the morning we suddenly can make a super cool program that can beat software made by Microsoft. No story we are walking in Taman Mini Museum, suddenly there is a spider that bit us, then we overslept in the streets, built by security guard and after waking up we can directly coding while hanging on the tree. One thing we have to agree on is, there is a process that we must go through for it.

Someone once asked me, "Sis, I've been wanting to learn programming, how do I do it?". Then I asked, "What have you done so you can learn programming?", Then he shook his head and replied "have not done anything". Then I asked, "Did you try to buy a book about programming?", He replied "not yet". "You've read the article on the internet about programming?", He replied not yet. I was surprised, how could I want something, but did not do something to achieve it? All need to process friend ...

Something that I want to convey above is, for you who want to be programming, you must be ready to undergo the process, there is no instant for clever programming. Not easy, but I guarantee it will be interesting. If you agree with me, actually programming is not just limited to science to make computer program, but also a lifestyle, and you can enjoy it.

Sybase
Sybase is a computer software company that develops and sells database management systems (DBMS) and middleware products.
Sybase's products have found extensive applications, especially in commercial, industrial, and military communications systems. Spanish telecom carrier Airtel uses Sybase Adaptive Server IQ Multiplex (ASIQ) to standardize its business information. Telstra, an Australian telecommunications provider, uses data-visualization software supported by Sybase ASIQ Multiplex to optimize mobile network management capacity.

Primark uses the Sybase MQSeries Integrator to maximize transaction levels, optimize reliability, and enable customization of input and output. Sybase claims that the company's MQSeries Integrator makes it possible to add new data formats to meet client needs, and to accommodate diverse system architectures at client sites.

Sybase SQL Anywhere, embedded in Geodyn F View, is used in two-way communication between military command centers and the army in the field.

The Oracle database
The Oracle database is a relational database consisting of a collection of data in a RDBMS database management system. Oracle software companies market this type of database for a variety of applications that can run on many types and brands of computer hardware (platform).

This Oracle database was first developed by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates through a consulting firm called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. In 1983, the company changed its name to Oracle Corporation until now.

Microsoft PowerPoint 
Microsoft PowerPoint or Microsoft Office PowerPoint or PowerPoint is a computer program for presentations developed by Microsoft in their suite of office applications, Microsoft Office, in addition to Microsoft Word, Excel, Access and several other programs. PowerPoint runs on a PC computer based on Microsoft Windows operating system and also Apple Macintosh that uses Apple Mac OS operating system, although at first this application runs on the Xenix operating system. This application is very widely used, especially by the office and businesspeople, educators, students, and trainers. Beginning on the version of Microsoft Office System 2003, Microsoft changed the name of Microsoft PowerPoint to Microsoft Office PowerPoint. Then, in Office 2013, its name is simply shortened to PowerPoint. The latest version of PowerPoint is version 15 (Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013), which is incorporated into the Microsoft Office 2013 package.

histori
The Microsoft PowerPoint application was first developed by Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin [1] [2] as a Presenter for a company called Forethought, Inc. which they later renamed to PowerPoint. [3]

In 1987, PowerPoint 1.0 version was released, and the computer it supports is Apple Macintosh. At that time, PowerPoint still uses black / white, which is able to create text and graphic pages for overhead projector (OHP) transparency. A year later, a new version of PowerPoint came with color support, after a color Macintosh appeared on the market.

Microsoft acquired Forethought, Inc. and of course PowerPoint software for a price of approximately $ 14 million on July 31, 1987. In 1990, a version of Microsoft Windows from PowerPoint (version 2.0) came into the market, following in the footsteps of Microsoft Windows 3.0. Since 1990, PowerPoint has become an integral part of standard in Microsoft Office System office suite (except Basic Edition).

The latest version is Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013 (PowerPoint 15). This version was released in January 2013, which is a considerable leap in terms of user interface and enhanced graphics capabilities. In addition, compared to previous data formats that are binary data with the extension * .ppt, this version offers an XML data format with * .pptx extension.

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Office Excel is a spreadsheet spreadsheet application program created and distributed by Microsoft Corporation that can run on Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. This application has a feature of calculation and graphics that, using the aggressive Microsoft marketing strategy, makes Microsoft Excel as one of the popular computer programs used in microcomputers to date. In fact, this program is currently a spreadsheet program most widely used by many parties, both on Windows-based PC platform and Mac OS based Macintosh platform, since version 5.0 was published in 1993. This application is part of the Microsoft Office System, and the latest version is version of Microsoft Office Excel 2013 that is integrated in the package of Microsoft Office System 2013.


History
In 1982, Microsoft created a spreadsheet program called Multiplan, which is very popular in CP / M systems, but not in the MS-DOS system considering there already stands its rival, the Lotus 1-2-3. This led Microsoft to start developing a new spreadsheet program called Excel, with the aim, as Doug Klunder says, "do everything 1-2-3 does and do it better / does what it does 1-2-3 and better yet ".

The first version of Excel was released for the Macintosh in 1985 and its Windows version followed (numbered version 2.0) in November 1987. Lotus was late for the spreadsheet program market for Windows, and in that year Lotus 1-2-3 was still MS- DOS. In 1988, Excel began to shift 1-2-3 in the market share of spreadsheet programs and make Microsoft as one of the leading software application developers for personal computers that are reliable. This achievement confirms Microsoft as a very strong competitor for 1-2-3 and even they develop it better. Microsoft, using its advantages, releases new versions of Excel every two years, and the latest version of Excel for Windows is Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Excel 14), while for Macintosh (Mac OS X), the final version is Excel for Mac.

In the early days of its launch, Excel was subjected to the demands of other companies engaged in the financial industry that had sold a software that also had the name Excel. Finally, Microsoft ended the demands with defeat and Microsoft had to rename Excel to "Microsoft Excel" in all Microsoft press releases and documents. However, in practice, this is ignored and even Microsoft bought Excel from the company that previously demanded them, so the use of the Excel name alone will not bring any more trouble. Microsoft also often uses the letters XL as an abbreviation for the program, which although not common, the icon used by the program still consists of two letters (although given some style of writing). Additionally, the default extension of a spreadsheet created by Microsoft Excel to version 11.0 (Excel 2003) is * .xls whereas starting Microsoft Office Excel 2007 (version 12.0) its default extension is * .xlsx that supports HTML format but with the same content has a smaller file size when compared with previous versions of Excel.

Excel offers many interface advantages compared to previous spreadsheet programs, but the essence is still the same as VisiCalc (the famous spreadsheet software for the first time): Cells are arranged in rows and columns, and contain data or formulas with absolute references or references relative to other cells. Excel is the first spreadsheet program that allows users to define how views of the spreadsheets they edit: fonts, character attributes, and the appearance of each cell. Excel also offers intelligent recalculation of cells, where only cell-related cells will be updated (where other spreadsheet programs will recalculate the entire data or wait for a specific command from the user). In addition, Excel also offers excellent graphics processing features.

When first bundled into Microsoft Office in 1993, Microsoft redesigned the interface display used by Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint to match the look of Microsoft Excel, which at that time became the most preferred spreadsheet application. Since 1993 Excel has had a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language, which can add Excel's ability to automate in Excel and also add user-defined functions (UDF) for use in in the worksheet. In later versions, Microsoft even added an integrated development environment (IDE) for the VBA language for Excel, making it easier for programmers to create their own programming. In addition, Excel can also record all that is done by the user to become a macro, so it is able to automate some tasks. VBA also allows the creation of forms and controls contained in the worksheet to communicate with its users. VBA languages ​​also support the use of ActiveX / COM DLLs, although they can not create them. The VBA version further adds support to the class module thus allowing the use of object-oriented programming techniques in VBA

The automation function provided by VBA makes Excel a target for macro viruses. This is a very serious problem in the corporate world until antivirus makers start adding support to detect and clean macro viruses from Excel files. Finally, though too late, Microsoft also integrates functions to prevent misuse of macros by disabling macros in its entirety, or disabling macros when enabling workbooks, or trusting encrypted macros using trusted digital certificates.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word or Microsoft Office Word or Word is Microsoft's flagship word processing software (word processor). First published in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix, other versions were later developed for various operating systems, such as DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS / 2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). After becoming part of Microsoft Office System 2003 and 2007 was named Microsoft Office Word. In Office 2013, its name is simply called Word.

Many Word ideas and concepts are drawn from Bravos, the first graphics-based word processor developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Bravo creator Charles Simonyi left Xerox PARC and moved to Microsoft in 1981. Simonyi also hired Richard Brodie from PARC. On February 1, 1983, Word Multi-Tool development began. After being given a new name Microsoft Word, Microsoft published this program on October 25, 1983 for the IBM PC. At that time the word processing world is controlled by WordPerfect and also WordStar.

Word has the concept of "What You See Is What You Get", or WYSIWYG, and is the first program that can display bold and italic prints on the IBM PC. Word also used a lot of mice that were not so prevalent so they offer Word-with-Mouse packages. Other DOS-based Word processors, such as WordStar and WordPerfect, display text only with markup and color codes to mark bold, italic, and so on.

Word for Macintosh, despite having many different views of its DOS version, is programmed by Ken Shapiro with little difference from the DOS version source code, written for high-resolution display screens and laser printers, even though no such products are publicly circulated. After LisaWrite and MacWrite, Microsoft also tries to add the WYSIWYG feature into the Word for Macintosh programming package. After Word for Macintosh was released in 1985, the program gained considerable attention from the community of computer users. Microsoft does not create versions of Word 2.0 for Macintosh, to equate versions with Word for other systems or platforms.

The next version of Word for Macintosh, is Word 3.0, released in 1987. This version includes many enhancements and new features but has many bugs. In just a few months, Microsoft replaced Word 3.0 with Word 3.01, which is much more stable. All registered users of Word 3.0 are sent a letter containing a copy of Word 3.01 for free, making this the most expensive Microsoft error to redeem at that time. Word 4.0, released in 1989, is a very successful and also stable version used.

Year 1990-1995
In this year's range, Word for Windows launches. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989 at a price of 500 US Dollars. With the release of Microsoft Windows 3.0 in the next year, sales were finally boosted up, considering Word for Windows 1.0 is designed for Windows 3.0 and its performance is very bad if run on previous versions. Microsoft waited until the release of Word 2.0 to reinforce Microsoft Word as the leader of the word processing market.

Microsoft Word 2010
This version is the version that Microsoft releases for Office on Windows, with support For Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista (With Service Pack 2), Microsoft Windows XP (Service Pack 3) (Launched In 2010) >Unnecessary feature feature removal in Microsft Office 2010, making it lighter. >Better Graphics Support Better >Support Standardization Open Document Format format (.odf) >Supports more complex image editing >Simpler .pdf and .xps file storage >Integrated with Windows Live so it can store data on Cloud Cloud >Provision of 32 bit and 64 bit versions >The Ribbon is simple and easy to use.

Microsoft Word 2013

Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) of Microsoft products. The important query language is Transact-SQL which is an implementation of the standard SQL ANSI / ISO used by Microsoft and Sybase. SQL Server is used in the business world that has a small-scale database up to, then evolved with the use of SQL Server on large databases.

Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase / ASE can communicate over the network using the TDS (Tabular Data Stream) protocol. In addition, Microsoft SQL Server also supports ODBC (Open Database Connectivity), and has a JDBC driver for the Java process language. Another feature of SQL Server is its ability to create database mirroring and clustering. In previous versions, MS SQL Server 2000 was attacked by a SQL Slammer computer worm that crippled the Internet access on 25 January 2003.

ABSTRACT DATA The main purpose of database system is that user can arrange a view of data abstraction. It aims to simplify the intraction between users with the system and the database can present different views to its users, programmers, and administrators. Since not all database users are well trained and users are divided into various levels, the database complexity will be hidden from the user through multiple levels of data abstraction. When looking at the database, users can be grouped into 3 levels (levels), namely:
>Physical Level (physical view / internal view). It is the lowest level in data abstraction showing how data is stored in actual conditions. This level is the most complex form, where the lowest level data structure is depicted at this level.
>Conceptual Level. It is a level that describes what data is actually (functionally) stored in the database, along with the relationships that occur between the data. This level describes the entire database, where the database administrator (DBA) builds and processes the database, while the user does not care about complexity in the physical level structure again. For example: the user will know that the sale is stored in the table of goods, production, finance, marketing.
>User View Level. It is a level with the highest level, which describes only one part of the entire database. Some database users do not need all the contents of the database eg the personnel section only requires employee file data and salary, does not require the data file warehouse, transaction goods entered.
The data abstraction level can provide an overview or view of the architecture of the Database Management System (DBMS), which will add to the notion of data independence. Data independence can be divided into two parts:
>Physical Data Independence
Ability to change the physical pattern of a database without causing a program application to be rewritten. Modifications to the physical level are usually at the time of improving usability.
>Logical Data Independenceata model Data model is a collection of concepts that can digunakakn to draw the data structure. Database structure includes data types, relationships, and some requirements that must be met database.
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In one file there are records of the same kind, the same size, the same form, which is a set of uniform entities. A record consisting of an interconnected field indicates that the field is in one complete sense and recorded in a single record. Each field value or content has the same space or width capacity. The type of data content of a field must match its data type. The name of a file should describe the contents of the data file. To complete the definition of a file, in the database known entity names (entities) and attributes. Entetis is the person, place, event, or concept whose information is recorded. each entity has an attribute or a title to represent an entity. For example in a lecture system; mahasiwa, course, payment, lecturer is as entity. Whereas student entity has attribute of parent number, name, department, and so on. Or from the above example the entity is an employee, ang has NIP attribute, name, address, tgl_lahir, jns_kel The database system is a combination of database and database management system (SMBD). A complex database and accompanied by documentation techniques and manipulation procedures will establish a Database Management System (DBMS). In short the DBMS is a database and a program to access it.

The above definition can illustrate to us that the database has several important criteria, namely:

>Data-oriented and not program-oriented.
>Can be used by some application programs without needing to change its data base.
>Can be developed easily, both volume and structure.
>Can meet the needs of new systems easily.
>Can be used in different ways.

The components of the database system are:

>Hardware, as a support for data processing operations such as CPU, memory, disk, terminal, and so forth.
>Software operating system, (Windows 9x, Windows 2000 / XP, Linux, Unix.)
>Database management software (DBMS) such as MS-Access, SQL, Oracle.
>Software application programs such as Visual Basic, Delphi, Visual Foxpro.
>Database (all data required, maintained, managed by Database system)
>User / user database (user).

User (user) database includes:

>Database Administrator, a user who has authority as a central controller of all systems both database and programs that access it, determine the pattern of database structure, modify, divide processing tasks and provide a certain orientation, and so on.
>Aplication Programmers, an application programmer that interacts with the system through a Data Manipulation Language (DML) invocation entered into a write program.
Sophisticated Users, ie users who berintraksi with tapa system must write their own program, but replaced with a request (request) in the form of database query language. Such as using MS-Accsess, SQL, and so on.
>Specialized Users, users who write special database application programs that do not fit the traditional data processing framework. Examples: expert system, multimedia, and so forth.
>Naive Users, ie most users who mengintraksi with the system by calling one of the application programs that have been provided. Example: the operator on the teller, personnel, and so forth.

THE ROLE OF DATA BASES The data base is important in the management of data in using the computer, because bebrapa reasons are:

>As a major component or important in information systems, as it is the basis for providing information.
>Determine the quality of information fast, accurate, relevant, so that the information presented is not stale.     Information can be said to be worth when the benefits are more effective than the cost of getting it.

Preparation of a database is used to overcome the problems on the preparation of data. Benefits derived from the preparation of the database are to:

>Addressing data redundancy. The same data storage in some places besides can make it difficult for the user about data actualization also wasting the storage place, then the database will detect and avoid in case of data kerangkapan.
>Avoiding data inconsistencies. Another consequence if there is data kerangkapan, then if there is a change in the data one while the other is not changed will occur data inconsistency. For that the database will adjust to the same data in case of changes, if all data will always be updated
>Overcoming difficulties in accessing data. Facilitate if one day will be taken or printed data that has certain criteria, for example on a certain date, a particular address, a certain amount, and so forth.
>Formulate the standard format of a data. Dta ayang same on different files must have the data format of the type and the range should be the same. The inequality of the data format will result in difficult or inefficient access to other data.
>Usage by multiple users. A database can be utilized simultaneously by multiple users (multiuser)
Conducting protection and data security (data security). Any data can only be accessed over manipulated by the authorized party by providing login and password to each data.
>Develop data integrity and independence. The database is complex data that can be integrated, so we can manipulate to get various forms of worksheets and reports we want. However, each data is not interdependent on other data. The data in the database can stand on their own.

Database or database
Database or database is a collection of information stored in the computer systematically so that it can be accessed using a computer program to obtain information from the database. The software used for query management and query databases is called database management system (database management system, DBMS). Data-driven system.

The term "basic data" starts with computer science. However it is getting wider, enter things outside the field of electronics, this article on computer databases. Similar records to the database actually existed before the industrial revolution in the form of ledgers, receipts and data related to business.

The basic concept of a database is a collection of records, or pieces of knowledge. A database has a structured explanation of the types of facts stored in it: this is called schemas. The schema describes the object represented by a database, and the relationship between the object. There are many ways to organize the schema, or model the database structure: this is known as a database model or data model. The commonly used model now is the relational model, which, in layman terms, represents all information in the form of interconnected tables in which each table consists of rows and columns (the actual definition uses mathematical terminology). In this model, relationships between tables are represented by using the same values ​​between tables. Other models such as hierarchical models and network models use a more explicit way to represent relationships between tables

The term database refers to a collection of interconnected data, and the software should refer to a database management system (DBMS). If the context is clear, many administrators and programmers use database terms for both meanings.

So the concept of a database or database is a collection of data that form a file (file) are interconnected (relation) with certain procedures to form new data or information. Or database (database) is a collection of interconnected data (relation) between one another that is organized based on a particular scheme or structure. On a computer, the database is stored in a hardware storage device, and with certain software is manipulated by certain interests or interests. Relationships or data relationships are usually indicated by the key (key) of each file. Data is a fact or value (value) that recorded or represent the description of an object. Data that is a recorded fact and subsequent processing (process) into a useful form or useful for the wearer will form what is called information. The complex and integrated form of information and processing of a database with the computer will be used for the decision-making process in management to develop the Management Information System (MIS), the data in the database is the smallest and most important item to build a good and valid database. Data in the database is integrated and shared:

      Integrated (integrated), the data files in the database are interrelated (data dependencies occur);
      Shared data (shared), the same data can be used by a number of users at the same time. Often called            multiuser system

Data is a very useful resource for almost all organizations. With the availability of abundant data, then the problem of regulating data effectively becomes a very important thing in the development of management information system. Therefore, the purpose of the arrangement of data is as follows:

     Provides data storage to be used by organizations now and in the future.
     As a means of data entry so as to facilitate the task of the operator and also related to the time required         by the user to obtain the data and rights owned to the data handled
     Control of data for each cycle to keep data up to date and can reflect the specific changes that occur in         each system.
     Security of data against possible additions, modifications, theft, and other disturbances.

A database building has the following levels:

     Characters, are the smallest pieces of data in the form of numbers, letters, or special characters that                makeup a data item or field. Examples A, B, X, Y, 2,1,2,9,0, =, <,> and so on.
     Field / item, is a representation of an attribute and record (tape / tuple) of a kind that shows an item of           data. Name field example (contains data of employee names), department field (contains part data or job       specification), and so on.
     Record / tape / tuple: A collection of fields form a record or recording. Records describe a specific unit         of individual data. Example: employee file, where each record contains a collection of data names,                 addresses, departments, which can represent each data.
     File, is a collection of records that describe a unity of similar data. Examples of employee files contain           data about all employee-related personnel such as employee name, employee's address, department,             which can represent each data.
     Database, is kumupan of file or table that form a database. An example of PT Maju Continent employee       database consists of employee files, payroll files, group files, and so on.

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC
1 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH MICROSOFT VISUAL BASASI Abstract Development of digital image processing application with Microsoft visual basic is an application of image quality improvement (Image) that can manipulate image of good shape, position, and color that exist on images that are in bmp and jpg / jpeg formats. The basis of this apliaski view of visual basic programming language 6.0 and salh one component to support the making of this application is component osenxpsuite. From the results of this writing analysis with software applications that the authors make this, shows that this application is very supportive in learning image processing, and this application also has a different color display than other application systems, such as photoshop applications, and this application can also be combined with easy.


2 1. INTRODUCTION Along with the development of computer science, a lot of researchers who try to study the definition of computer science. Computer science has two main components: first is the fundamental model and idea of ​​computing, the two engineering techniques for computing system design, including hardware and software. theoretically computer science begins darei a number of different disciplines, for example mathematicians work by logic, biologists study neural networks, and linguists investigate the grammar to be used in computer science. In computer science data or information is not only presented in text form, but can also be images, audio (sound, sound, music), and video. These four kinds of data are often referred to as multimedia. Technological developments today can not be separated from multimedia one example is the internet website, this site is made as attractive as possible by including the visualization of the image. Talking about image (image) is one multimedia component that plays a very important role as a form of visual information. Mathematical science is widely used for the rules contained in the programming language, for example on arithmetic expressions. Commonly used image formats are BMP (windows Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchage Format), JPG / JPEG (Join Photograpic Expert Group). These three types have differences, from the background of this problem that makes the author to choose the title DIGITALBIMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC.By processing the data that is still complete or not compressed expected to be more optimal in achieving the results of a higher quality image. 2. Identification Problems A good image is an image that has high quality and in accordance with the original image and has complete and clear information in accordance with what we want. But often the image has decreased image quality for example, the occurrence of defects in the image (noise), too contrast, less sharp colors, too soft and so forth. Such imagery is more difficult to interpret, because the information submitted becomes less than perfect or diminished in quality. With this lack of deficiencies, the image must be manipulated into a new image whose quality is better than the previous image. 3. Limitations In the limitation of the problem of writing this essay, the authors limit the problems associated with the scope of image quality improvement. 4. Research Objectives The purpose of this study are as follows: 1. Designing software development of digital image processing applications with Microsoft visual basic. 2. Digging and developing science and technology software image quality improvement (image). 3. Build a digital image processing system with Microsoft Visual Basic to be easy to use by developers and even laypeople. 4. Operate this software in order to interact with the computer. 5. To create a digital image software

3 processing that has a more attractive appearance. 5. Benefits of Research The benefits of this research are as follows: 1. Availability of software development apliakasi digital image processing with Microsoft visual basic which is very useful for developers (developers) and lay people who want to use the source program. 2. Creation of image quality improvement application system with visual basic so easy to use (easy to use) by developers (developer) and even layman though. 3. Provide an overview of the implementation of mathematical analysis, algorithm and computer programming in improving the image quality is more perfect or better. 4. To find techniques to manipulate and improve image quality in order to get better quality. 6. Research Methodology In making and developing software to be made steps that will be taken that methodology as one way or method to achieve one goal. To get concrete data and accurate the author using the method of analysis and design methods. 7. Analyst Method a. Methods of observation (survey) b. Analysis method of observation result c. Method of analysis kjukup information 8. Design Method Design method in writing this thesis is a method of structured design, design by way: a. Software design b. Library Studies c. Browsing Method d. And other relevant sources.2. THEORETICAL BASIS 2.1. Basic Definition About Image Literally image (image) is an image in the dwimatra field (two dimensional). Image consists of two types of continuous image and discrete image. Continuous images are generated from optical systems that receive analog signals. such as human eyes and analog cameras. While the discrete image is generated through the process of digitizing the image. This discrete image is called a digital image. While the definition of the image according to Webster's dictionary, the image (image) exists: llah a representation, similarity, or imitation of an object or object Digital Image Definition Digital images are two-dimensional images resulting from two-dimensional analog images that are continuous into discrete images through the sampling process . In order to be represented numerically with discrete values. The image representation of the malar function (continuous) into discrete values ​​is called digitalization. The resulting image is called digital (Digital Image) Understanding Digital Image Processing A good image is the image that has a high quality and in accordance with the original picture and has a complete and clear information in accordance with what we want. But often the image has decreased image quality for example, the occurrence of defects in the image (noise), too contrast, less sharp colors, too soft and so forth. Image processing is image processing, especially by using computer, into a better quality image.

4 2.4. Elements of Digital Image Processing Systems In general, the elements involved in image processing can be divided into four components: a. Digitizer b. Digital Computer c. Display tool d. Storage Device Image Digitizer Figure 2.1 Image Processing Element 2.2 Image Processing Operation Image Operation on digital image is basically the manipulation of matrix elements. Manipulated matrix elements can be either a single element (a pixel), a set of adjacent elements, or an entire matrix element. The basic operations of digital image processing include computing arithmetic, arithmetic operations, and geometry operations. Artificial Computing Media Storage Computers Digital Display Devices In image processing, an operation is performed on the original image into a new image based on the original image. The operations performed on the image are categorized as follows:a. Point Array, which is an operation that produces output where each pixel is only affected by pixels in the same position of the original image. b. Local Arrays, ie operations that produce output where each pixel is affected by neighboring pixels in the original image. c. Global Aras, That is the operation that produces output where each pixel is affected by all pixels present in the original image. d. Aras Object, Namely this operation is only done on certain objects in the image, the purpose of this operation to recognize the objak Arithmetic Operation Because the digital image of a matrix, then the matrix arithmetic operations also apply to the image, the operations performed are the operation of addition, operation reduction, multiplication operation, scalar addition and subtraction operation, multiplication operation and division by scalar. Operation of addition and subtraction of A and BC (x, y) = A (x, y) + B (x, y) (2.1) C (x, y) = A (x, y) - B (x, y) (2,2) The operation of the sum of images can be used to reduce the effect of noise in the image, by averaging the gray degree of each pixel of the image the same one. Image reduction operations can be used to derive an object from two Image Multiplication images A and B C (x, y) = A (x, y) B (x, y) (2,3)

5Used for correcting sensor linearity by way of multiplying image matrix with correction matrix of addition and Image Reduction with Scalar value. C (x, y) = A (x, y) + C (2,4) C (x, y) = A (x, y) - C (2.5) This operation can be used at the time of image enlargement Multiplication and division of image with scalar B (x, y) = C. A (x, y) and B (x, y) = A (x, y) / C (2,6) Examples of multiplication operations are for calibration of brighness. While in the division operation, for example for normalization of brightness Geometry Operation In Image In geometry operations, pixel coordinates change due to transformation, while the intensity is fixed, this is different premises of arithmetic operations where the pixel coordinates remain but the intensity changes. These operations are Translating, Rotating, Scaling (zooming), Flipping Translations Translations can be used to move or shift the coordinates of an image. The image translation formula is: Where: x = x + my = y + n (2.7) x = ordinate y = abscissa result x = original ordinate y = abscissal m = large shift in direction xn = large shift in direction Y Rotation Where : Image rotation formula is:(ߠ) y sin (ߠ) cos x = x (2.8) (ߠ) + y cos (ߠ) y = x sin x = ordinate the result y = abscissa the result x = the original ordinate y = the original absis = counter rotation angle needle ߠ Clock If the original image is A and the image of the rotation is B, then the image rotation from A to B: B [x] [y] = B [x cos (ߠ) - y sin (ߠ)] [x cos (ߠ) + y = [(ߠ) cos A [x] [y] (2.9) Scaling (Zooming) Image scaling is also called image zooming, ie image resizing, either zooming in or zooming in. At the image enlargement operations each pixel is enlarged to S X times S y pixels. The enlargement operation is implemented by copying each pixel as S X times S y. In the image reduction operation a number of S X times the adjacent S y pixels are scaled down to one pixel. The downsizing operation is implemented by averaging each pixel in the region S X times S y pixels and then copying the average to a pixel. Image scaling formula: x = s x.x

then followed